Ch 3: Settling the Northern Colonies (1619-1700)
A) Protestant Reformation in Europe
Martin Luther denounced authority clergy; Bible= only source of God’s word
John Calvin elaborated Luther’s ideas→ Calvinism, dominant faith of Ams
B) Plymouth: Physically Small but Spiritually Big
Why it started
How it survived despite first winter (1620-1621) where only 44/102 survived
C) Mass Bay Colony “Bible Commonwealth”
Why it was started
D) Rhode Island “Sewer”: New Eng’s North Carolina & New Eng spreads out
Roger Williams est complete freedom of rel (Jews, Cath, Quakers, etc)
Propertied men (who didn’t have to be church member) had suffrage
Ppl settle in valley of CT River & draft Fundamental Orders, est democracy
New Hampshire sprang from fishing & trading activities along coast
E) New Eng Confederation vs Dominion of New England: Colonial Unity & Independence
New Eng Confed (2 Mass colonies + 2 CT colonies, each wielded 2 votes):
Dominion of New Eng imposed by London aimed at enforcing Eng Navigation Laws → colonies could only trade w. Eng & its other colonies → smuggling. Sir Edmund Andros, Eng mil man as head of dominion, affiliatn w. COE→hated
F) New Amsterdam → New York
Rise of Netherlands
G) PA, NJ, DE: Quaker Settlements
Quakers offensive to Eng rel & civil authority
Summary: New England & Middle Colonies
Martin Luther denounced authority clergy; Bible= only source of God’s word
John Calvin elaborated Luther’s ideas→ Calvinism, dominant faith of Ams
- Institutes of the Christian Religion: Predestination: God knows who’s going to heaven (the “elect”); good works could not save the damned
- No one could be certain of status until “conversn,” intense, personal experience, after which person becomes “visible saint”
B) Plymouth: Physically Small but Spiritually Big
Why it started
- Puritans wanted COE de-catholized; Separatists vowed to break away from COE → James I saw seps as threat to auth & drove them into Holland
- Separatists dissatisfied w. Holl; long for haven → New World
- Less than half Puritans, but still spiritual colony
How it survived despite first winter (1620-1621) where only 44/102 survived
- Settler’s strong will to remain at Plymouth despite hardships
- Captain Myles Standish (non-Puritan), Indian fighter & negotiator
- Gov William Bradford, self-taught scholar
- Bountiful harvests, fur, fish, lumber
C) Mass Bay Colony “Bible Commonwealth”
Why it was started
- Mod Pur who sought to reform COE from within got support, esp in Parl.
- Charles I dismissed Parl & sanctioned anti-Puritan persecutions
- Non-Sep Puritans secured royal charter to form Mass Bay Company
- 1000 immigrants to start off w. + Continued turmoil in Eng → more Pur came
- Many fairly prosperous, educated ppl, like Gov John Winthrop, came
- Fur, fishing, ship trades→Mass Bay biggest & most influential New Eng outpost
- Rel leaders much influence tho barred from pol office; interviewed conversioned for church membership; franchise: male members
- Nonbelievers as well as believers paid taxes for govt-supp church
- "Protestant ethic” serious commitment to work & worldly pursuits
- Quakers persecuted w. fines, floggings, banishment
- Anne Hutchinson supp antinomianism w. Predestination
- Roger Williams attacked Bay Col’s charter, for churchly govt, hounded clergymen to completely break w. COE → started RI col
D) Rhode Island “Sewer”: New Eng’s North Carolina & New Eng spreads out
Roger Williams est complete freedom of rel (Jews, Cath, Quakers, etc)
- No required church attendance
- No taxes to support state church
Propertied men (who didn’t have to be church member) had suffrage
Ppl settle in valley of CT River & draft Fundamental Orders, est democracy
- Hartford: Boston Puritans, led by Rev Tom Hooker, swarm into Hartford
- New Haven: Puritans who wanted closer church-govt than in Mass
New Hampshire sprang from fishing & trading activities along coast
E) New Eng Confederation vs Dominion of New England: Colonial Unity & Independence
New Eng Confed (2 Mass colonies + 2 CT colonies, each wielded 2 votes):
- Started when Old Eng was embroiled in civil wars
- Purpose: defense against (potential) foes: Indians, French, Dutch
- → tension, since colonists (esp Mass Bay) had been used to relative independence
- To punish Mass Bay, rival CT and RI granted charter legalizing settlements while Mass Bay’s charter revoked
Dominion of New Eng imposed by London aimed at enforcing Eng Navigation Laws → colonies could only trade w. Eng & its other colonies → smuggling. Sir Edmund Andros, Eng mil man as head of dominion, affiliatn w. COE→hated
- Unfair tax, curbed town meetgs, heavy restrictns on court, press, schools
- Strove to enforce Navigation Laws & suppress smuggling
- Dominion collapsed and attacked by Boston mob
- MA roy col w. new chrtr & roy govr; franchise: all male property holders
- Inspired by challenge to crown, colonists went on strike agnst royal auth
- New monarchs relaxed grip on colonial trade → “salutary neglect”
- but, incompetent, corrupt Eng officials still in charge blocked local leaders
F) New Amsterdam → New York
Rise of Netherlands
- Oppressed Netherlands rebelled against Cath Sp w. Prot Eng’s help & succeeded in winning independence
- Major comm/naval power; even challenged Eng’s supremacy in 3 wars
- Dutch East India Company set up 300-year empire in E Indies
- West Indies Company worked in Caribbeans, raided Sp treasures ships, est outposts in Africa & thriving sugar industry in Brazil
- Employed Henry Hudson who ventured into DE & NY bay
- Est only for purposes of business → harsh govt: no rel tolerance or dem practices,
- Vast feudal estates → aristocratic tint'
- Co shareholders demanded dividends at expense of col’s welfare
- Indians, infuriated by Dutch cruelties massacred → Dutch erected wall
- ¾ members of New Eng Cofed eager to wipe out New Neth
- Swedes planted col on DE River, but soon crushed & absorbed by Dutch
- Autocratic spirit & aristocratic element survived & gained strength
- Corrupt Eng governors granted immense acreage to favorites
- Influential landowning families wielded disproportionate power
- These factors discouraged Eur immigrants → phys growth retarded
G) PA, NJ, DE: Quaker Settlements
Quakers offensive to Eng rel & civil authority
- Refused to support COE w. taxes & congregated w/o paid clergy
- Would swear no oaths → embroiled them w govt officials
- Secured from king immense grant of fertile land as repayment of monetary debt owed deceased father by crown
- Effectively advertised colony w. liberal land policy & truthful lures
- Amicable Indian-white relatns though soon undermined by non-Q Eur immigrants’ presence
- No mili defense; No restrictns on immigration & naturalizatn made easy
- Rel freedom (pressure from London→ deny franchise to Jews & Caths)
- Death pen imposed for treason & murder (aot Eng’s 200+ capital crimes)
- W.in 2 yrs, surpassed other cols in popn except VA and MA
Summary: New England & Middle Colonies
- Fertile soil & broad expanse of land, unlike rock-bestrewn New Eng
- AKA “bread colonies” due to export of grain
- Susquehanna, DE, Hudson rivers (few waterfalls unlike New Eng)→fur trade
- Forests, estuaries & harbors → lumbering, shipbuilding, seaports
- Middle Colonies
- Landholdings, local govt, # industries intermediate in size/#
- More ethnically mixed than other settlements
- Unusual degree of rel tol & econ/soc dem control
- Land more easily acquired
Summary Chart of 13 Colonies
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