Ch 12: The 2nd War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism (1812-1824)
The New Republic entered a era of nationalism, led by President Monroe
A) War of 1812
1. Am & Brit/Canadian advantages & disadvantages
-limit pres to 1 term
-prohibit election of 2 successive pres from same state
B) Results of Increased Nationalism
C) James Monroe Becomes President (1816) & Era of Good Feelings
1. James Monroe fit his roleStraddled 2 generations- founding father era & age of nationalism
D) Panic of 1819: The Curse of Hard Times
1. Background on Western Expansion
-Eur immigrants lured by cheap land
-land exhaustion in tobacco states
-economic distress during embargo years
-crushing of NAs by Harrison & Jackson
-new highways
3. Bank of US foreclosed mortgages on farmsà seen as evil
4. Results:
E) The Missouri Compromise & Sectional Balance
1. Background:
F) John Marshall: Judicial Nationalism & Dikes Against Democratic Excesses
1. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) bolstered power of fed govt at expense of states
G) Nationalism in Foreign Policy
1. Sec of State, John Quincy Adams
2. Treaty of 1818 w. Brit
1. Am & Brit/Canadian advantages & disadvantages
- Ams divided & army ill-trained; generals were semisenile remnants of Rev War
- Ams had better navy: USS Const had thicker sides, heavier power, larger crews
- Brit/Can displayed energy from the outset; brilliant Gen Isaac Brock
- Brit navy used press-ganged crews (no spirit)
- Failed land invasions of Canada 1812-1813: Ams targeted Can (Brit forces weakest there) but couldn’t capture Montreal (center of pop’n & transportatn)
- Battle of Lake Erie 1813: Oliver H Perry captured Brit flee--> revives dying cause
- Battle of Thames 1813: Gen Harrison overtake Brit at Detroit & Ft Malden
- New York campaigns 1814: Thomas Macdonough (naval officer) saves upper NY from conquest; forces invading Brit army near Plattsburgh to retreat
- Washington DC 1814: capital burned, but Ft McHenry (Baltimore) held firm--> nat’l anthem
- 3. Battle of New Orleans 1815 (after war ends): Andrew Jackson makes Brit suffer worst defeat of war --> Am nationalism & self-confidence; blockade of Am coast by infuriated Royal Navy
- Brit throw naval blockades & land raiding parties to retaliate
- Am econ life crippled; bankrupt Treasury
- Both countries war-weary
- At first, Brit make sweeping demands, but compromise after reverses in NY & Baltimore
- Both sides agreed to stop fighting restore conquered territory: war achieved nothing
- Relieved Ams boasted “Not One Inch of Territory Ceded or Lost!”
- Tho N Eng prospered (illicit trade w. enemy in Can), Feds were still bitterly opposed to war
- Expecting, Brit capture of New Orleans, MA, CT, RI met to discuss their disgust of war & to redress grievances; their demands:
-limit pres to 1 term
-prohibit election of 2 successive pres from same state
- Envoys carried demands to capital, but glorious news from New Orleans & Ghent made N Eng’s wartime complaints seem petty & treasonous
- Death of Fed party: no more Fed presidents
- National unity increased(--> death of Federalists)
- Showed that Am could stand up for itself --> more respected abroad
- NA (due to loss of Brit ally)forced to cede vast tracts of land to US
- Manufacturing prosperedà greater econ independence for Am
- Rush-Bagot agreement: sol’n for US-Can arms raceà world’s longest unfortified boundary
B) Results of Increased Nationalism
- National literature exposes Am scenes & themes- Washington Irving & James Fenimore Cooper
- Economy: Cong revives Bank of US; Tariff of 1816=Am’s response to Brit cut in price to strangle Am’s infant industries
- Military: Army expanded & navy defeated N Afr pirates in 2nd Barbary War
- The American System, proposed by Henry Clay, had three parts:
- Strong banking system
- Protective tariff that would provide revenue for…
- Roads & canals
C) James Monroe Becomes President (1816) & Era of Good Feelings
1. James Monroe fit his roleStraddled 2 generations- founding father era & age of nationalism
- Experienced, levelheaded executive, tho never brilliant
- Continued VA Dynasty
- Fed party dies --> unity & nationalism
- On goodwill tour in 1817, received warm welcome even in Fed N Eng
D) Panic of 1819: The Curse of Hard Times
1. Background on Western Expansion
- 9 new states, alternately accepted as free & slave
- Incentives for expansion:
-Eur immigrants lured by cheap land
-land exhaustion in tobacco states
-economic distress during embargo years
-crushing of NAs by Harrison & Jackson
-new highways
- Nevertheless, the West was weak in pop’n & influence
3. Bank of US foreclosed mortgages on farmsà seen as evil
4. Results:
- Deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment
- Overcrowded debtors prisonà directed public’s att to the inhumanity of such prisons
- Poorer classes call for remedial legislation
- Land Act of 1820: authorized buyer to buy 80 acres, $1.25/acre
- Cheap transportation
- Cheap money issued by “wildcat” banks
E) The Missouri Compromise & Sectional Balance
1. Background:
- North becoming increasingly rich & thickly settledà more reps in the House
- South maintained power in Senateà 11 free & 11 slave states, can foil N’s plans in House
- MO wants to be admitted as slave state
- House of Reps pass Tallmadge amendment: no more slaves should be brought into MO & gradual emancipation of children of slave parents
- Luckily for South, the Senate defeated the amendment
- MO admitted as slave state
- To maintain balance, ME admitted as separate state
- Remainder of LA Purchase free states
- MO Comp lasted 34 yrs- vital formative pd of young Republic
- Dispute over slavery foreshadowed dissolution of union
F) John Marshall: Judicial Nationalism & Dikes Against Democratic Excesses
1. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) bolstered power of fed govt at expense of states
- State of MD tried to destroy branch of Bank of US by imposing tax on its notes.
- Marshall declared bank const & denied rt of MD to tax bank using loose construction
- Cohens, found guilty by VA cts of illegally selling lottery tickets, appealed to Sup Ct
- Conviction of Cohens upheldàVA “won”, but lost rights as a state
- NY tried to grant a monopoly of waterborne commerce b/w NY & NJ
- Marshall stated that Const conferred on Cong alone the control of interstate commerce
- GA legislature, swayed by bribery, granted 35 mn acres to private speculators
- The next legislature, yielding to angry public outcry, canceled the crooked transaction.
- But Sup Ct decreed that the grant was a contract that state laws are can’t impair (const)
- Dartmouth was granted charter by King George III in 1769, but NH wanted to change it
- Marshall ruled that original charter must stand, since it was a charter protected by const
- John Marshall buttressed the federal Union & helped to create a stable, nationally uniform environment for business. At the same time, he checked the excesses of popularly elected state legislatures.
G) Nationalism in Foreign Policy
1. Sec of State, John Quincy Adams
2. Treaty of 1818 w. Brit
- Permitted Ams & Cans to share Newfoundland fisheries
- Fixed northern limits of LA: 49th parallel from the Lake of the Woods (MN) to Rocky Mts
- 10-yr joint occupation of OR Country (w/o surrender of rights/claims of either Am or Brit)
- Sp forced to denude FL of troops to squelch rebels in S Am
- Gen Jackson took advantage of this & swept into FL, seizing 2 forts & deposing governor.
- Jackson had clearly exceeded his instructions, so Monroe consulted his cabinet, all of whom, except for Sec of State, John Quincy Adams, wanted to disavow Gen Jackson.
- However, Adams took the offensive & demanded huge concessions from Spain.
- Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819: Sp ceded FL & shadowy claims to OR; US abandons equally murky claims to Texas, soon to become part of independent Mexico
- After Napoleon’s fall in 1812, Eur monarchs want to completely eliminate democracy & Am feared that they would intervene in the New World, endangering the Am Republic.
- George Canning, Brit foreign secretary asked Am minister in London if Am would band together w. Brit in a joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin am territory & specifically warning the Eur despots to keep their hands off the L Am republics.
- Secretary Adams knew Brit’s ulterior motive: Brit feared that Am would one day seize Sp territory in the Americas which would jeopardize Brit’s possessions in the Caribbean.
- The Monroe Doctrine, stated in the President’s state of the union address, incorporated a stern warning to the Eur powers: noncolonization & nonintervention
- Having resented the Am experiment from the beginning, Eur monarchs were now deeply offended by Monroe’s high-flown declaration—all the more so b/c of the gulf b/w Am’s pretentious pronouncements & its puny military strength.
- Tho Monroe’s message did not have much (contemporary) significance, it affects foreign policy to this day.
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