Ch 27: Empire and Expansion (1890-1909)
A) America Turns Outward
1. Reasons
B) Spanish-American War (April 25 – August 12, 1898)
1. Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
C) The American Empire
1. America’s Course (Curse?) of Empire
D) TR: “Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick”
1. Imperialism or Bryanism in Election 1900?
E) TR’s Big-Stickism Worsens Relations with Latin America
1. Rape of Panama worsens relations w. Latin Am
2. TR’s Perversion of Monroe’s Doctrine--> MonDoc became excuse for US interventions
L Am countries often defaulted on debts to Eur creditors-->TR feared that Eur might stay there
Roosevelt Corollary stated that in case of future $$ problems of L Am, US could pay off debts
F) The Rivalry of Two Rising Powers: Japan & America
1. TR slights Japan and Russia
1. Reasons
- Growth in pop’n, wealth, prod capacity-->labor violence & agrarian unrest increased-->overseas markets might provide a safety valve to relieve these pressures--expand or explode
- Yellow Press—Joseph Pulitzer & William R Hearst glorified foreign exploits
- Missionary work—Rev. Josiah Strong’s Our Country: Its Possible Future & Its Present Crisis
- Social Darwinism (supported by aggressive Ams like TR & Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge)
- Developmt of new steel navy--Alfred Mahan’s The Influence of Sea Power upon History
- SecState Blaine’s Big Sister policy aimed at controlling LatAm nations & open markets to US
- Hostilites almost inevitable w. Ger, Can, Italy, Chile in 1890s
- Brit. Guiana & Venezuela border dispute for 50 yrs, but in 1895, gold was discovered--> conflict
- SecState Richard Olney invoked Mon Doc-->Brit claimed irrelevant--> GCleve said US would fight
- Brit was embroiled in conflicts w. other Eur powers, so sought to cultivate Am friendship--> Great Rapprochement (reconciliation) became cornerstone of both nations’ foreign policies
B) Spanish-American War (April 25 – August 12, 1898)
1. Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
- Good sugar prodn & State Dpt warned other powers to keep off; naval-base rights Pearl Harbor
- McK Tariff hurt sugar--> Am planters clamored for HI annexatn, blocked by Queen Liliuokalani
- Desperate whites organized successful revolt 1893, aided by US troops--> annex treaty to DC
- GCleve, suspecting that US had greatly wronged HI, withdrew treaty--> annex plans abandoned
- Sugar prodn crippled by Am tariff 1894--> insurgents sought to drive out Sp overlords 1895
- Sp Gen. ‘Butcher’ Weyler herded civilians into reconcentration camps
- Yellow journalism: publicized private letter from Sp minister Dupuy de Lome who criticized McKinley; US battleship Maine sent to Cuba mysteriously blew up, Sp blamed tho innocent
- Am pol/comm interests & sympathy for Cuba + yellow journalism--> war fever
- McKinley yielded to ppl & urged Cong for armed intervention to free oppressed Cubans--> Cong passes Teller Amendment: after overthrowing Sp, US would give Cubans freedom
- B4 decwar, asst navy sec TR told Comm George Dewey to descend upon Sp’s Phil in event of war
- Dewey w. 6 warships sailed into Manila harbor & destroyed Sp fleet w/o loss of Am life
- Troop reinforcemts, in collaboration w. Fili insurgents led by Emilio Aguinaldo, captured Manila
- Am needed HI as provisioning way station--> granted US citizenship & full territorial status to HI
- Sp fleet led by Admiral Cervera blockaded by superior Am fleet in Santiago harbor
- Gen. William Shafter led invading force to drive out Cervera, landed in Santiago & met little opp
- Fighting broke out July 1 at El Cany & Kettle Hill, up which Rough Riders, org by TR, charged
- Ams, led by Gen. Nelson Miles, met even less resistance in Puerto Rico
C) The American Empire
1. America’s Course (Curse?) of Empire
- Treaty of Paris 1898: US gains Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines
- Anti-Imperialist League agst McK’s expansionism—“Imperialism abroad…despotism at home”
- Poet Rudyard Kipling—“White Man’s Burden”: Ams must help uplift underprivileged ppls
- Am regime worked wonders in educatn, sanitatn, transportatn, but ppl still wanted indep
- Foraker Act 1900: accorded PRs lim degree of pop gov, US citizenship but w/o self-rule
- Insular Cases: Const didn’t extend to PR & Phil
- US withdrew from Cuba 1902, honoring Teller Amdt, but Cubans must include in own const
- Platt Amdt: Cuba can’t conclude treaties that might compromise indep or take on debt beyond resources; must sell/lease needed coal/naval statns to US;US may intervene to restore order.
- Sp-Am War lasted only 113 days, but Am prestige grew. John Hay-“splendid little war”
- Martial spirit thrilled Am; Captain Mahan’s big-navyismàpop support for battleships
- Further closing of “bloody chasm” bw N/S
- Hwvr, distant islands became “Heel of Achilles,” indefensible hostage given to Jp
- US wanted to stay in Phil indefinitely-->bitter insurgency under Emilio Aguinaldo
- US deployed troops to rivet shackles on ppl who pined for freedom
- Civil governor William H Taft’s policy of benevolent assimilation painfully slow
- Filipinos hated Am-ization & eventually got freedom on July 4, 1946
- After Sino-Japanese War 1894-95, Eur powers tore away valuable leaseholds & sph of infl
- Ams worried that Eur would monopolize Ch marketsà SecState John Hay’s open door policy
- 1899 Note: Eur powers must respect Ch rights & fair comp in leaseholds/sph of infl
- Boxer Rebellion 1900: murder of 200+ foreigners & 1000s of Ch Christians, siege of Beijing--> multinat’l rescue force quelled rebellion & forced Ch to pay excessive indemnity
- 1900 Note: must embrace territorial integrity of China, in addition to commercial integrity
D) TR: “Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick”
1. Imperialism or Bryanism in Election 1900?
- Rep: Pres McKinley- led country thru war, got Phil, est gold stand, prosperityà victory
- NY bosses found it hard to continue businesses w. him as gov--> TR for Rep vp
- Rep warned agst Bryanism- Bryan would destroy nation’s prosperity w. his ‘dangerous’ ideas
- Dem: William J Bryan- Ag standard & anti-imp; condemned Rep overseas imp
- McKinley assassinated--> TR becomes youngest pres at age 42
- TR believed that pres should lead boldly & may take any action not forbidden in const
E) TR’s Big-Stickism Worsens Relations with Latin America
1. Rape of Panama worsens relations w. Latin Am
- Clayton-Bulwer Treaty 1850 w. Brit: US couldn’t secure exclusive control over isthmian rt, so…
- Hay-Pauncefote Treaty 1901: gave US free hand to build canal & right to fortify it as well
- Experts favored Nica, but Cong chose Pan after New Panama Canal Co dropped price of holdings.
- Col (ruled Pan) reject $10mn + annual paymtà Pans rebel aided by Philippe Bunau-Varilla.
- Hay—Bunau-Varilla Treaty gave US 10-mil zone around Pan Canal
2. TR’s Perversion of Monroe’s Doctrine--> MonDoc became excuse for US interventions
L Am countries often defaulted on debts to Eur creditors-->TR feared that Eur might stay there
Roosevelt Corollary stated that in case of future $$ problems of L Am, US could pay off debts
F) The Rivalry of Two Rising Powers: Japan & America
1. TR slights Japan and Russia
- Russ didn’t withdraw troops from Manchuria & Koreaà Jp threatenedà Russo-Jp War 1904
- Jp supply of troops ran low--> asked TR to sponsor peace negotiations, which he did in 1905.
- Hwvr, Jp received no compensation for losses & only S half of Sakhalin Island.
- Jp gov lifted ban on emigration in 1884à Jps flocked to CA, confronted w. racial hostility
- San Fran’s school board segregated East Asians in 1906--> Jp saw this as insult & threatened war
- TR broke deadlock: CA to repeal seg & accept Gentlemen’s Agreemt: Jp to stop immigrants to US
- Root-Takahira agreement 1908: US & Jp pledged to respect each other’s terr possessions
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